Advanced Pt-based intermetallic nanocrystals for the oxygen reduction reaction

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are considered ideal energy-conversion devices because of their environmentally friendly nature and high theoretical energy efficiency. However, cathodic polarization, which is a result the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics, significant source loss reduces cell Further, need to use Pt in commercial Pt/C cathodes has restricted large-scale application its cost poor durability. Thus, improvements activity durability Pt-based catalyst required reduce amount and, thus, costs, while increasing ORR rate power density promoting widespread PEMFC commercialization. In recent years, atomically ordered intermetallic nanocrystals have received tremendous attention owing excellent stability for ORR. Therefore, this review, we first introduce formation compounds from perspective thermodynamics kinetics lay foundation design these compounds. addition, optimization strategies catalysts summarized terms composition, size, morphology. Finally, conclude with discussion current challenges future prospects alloys. This review designed help readers gain insights into developments rational encourage research that will enable commercialization PEMFCs.